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Crevice Corrosion in a Subsea System — Aspect Before Analysis

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Micrography of a transverse section of the pipe, external diameter 33.4 mm schedule XXS, in the center of the 9.1 mm thickness. The structure is predominantly ferritic. Small amount of pearlite.
556
VIEW
ML00112 / Dec.2017
1" XXS Pipe Not Qualified For Low Temp
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Seamless PipeAp - RefineryCd - Not according to spec
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Predominantly Ferritic
Micrography of a transverse section of the pipe, external diameter 26.7 mm, in the center of the 7.85mm thickness. Refined structure but not uniform. Ferrite and pearlite.
512
VIEW
ML00111 / Dec.2017
3/4" XXS Pipe Not Qualified for Low Temp
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Seamless PipeAp - RefineryCd - Not according to spec
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Ferrite and Pearlite
Micrographic detail of the ferritic-pearlitic structure of the angle L shape, equal legs, in the transverse section.
468
VIEW
ML00035 / Dec.2017
Carbon Steel L Shape
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Rolled ShapeAp - StructureCd - Removed From Service
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Ferrite and Pearlite
Micrography, as polished, of the transverse section of the forged pin with the layer applied by a (thermal) spray and fuse process. The structure of the layer that is 0.7 mm thick, presented entrapped pores and globular oxides. The layer was melted after application by thermal spray (in this case using a flame) and the pin was quenched and tempered after the full application and melting of the layer.
360
VIEW
ML00109 / Jan.2018
Thermal Spray and Fuse Layer in Forged Pin
M - Low Alloy Medium Carbon QTP - Tubular ForgingAp - O&G Well DrillingCd - Thermal spray
Cm - As polished micrographyDf - Transverse Section
Micrographic detail of the longitudinal section of the tube, close to the external surface. The carburizing layer consists of a bainitic structure, with intergranular and intragranular carbide precipitation.
1185
VIEW
ML00107 / Dec.2017
Carburized 9Cr1MoV Superheater Tube
M - Heat Resistant SteelP - Seamless tubeAp - BoilerCd - Carburization
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Carburized Layer
The micrography of the longitudinal section of the tube, close to OD, shows the paralel cracks, filled with oxides, perpendicular to the surface.
1444
VIEW
ML00104 / Dec.2017
Thermal Fatigue of a Boiler Tube
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Autogenously Welded TubeAp - BoilerCd - Thermal Fatigue
Cm - As polished micrographyDf - Close to the External Surface
The hose connector fracture surface presented different fracture micromechanisms associated to the microstructure: inclusion decohesion, small regions of intergranular fractures (probably due to cementite at grain boundaries), and cleavage of the ferritic structure. All these mechanisms are brittle.
560
VIEW
ML00103 / Nov.2017
Brittle Fracture of a Free-Cutting Connector
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Machined PartAp - ShipCd - Brittle Fracture
Cm - Fractography by SEMDf - Brittle Fracture
The scanning electron microscopy image of the internal surface of the tube in position 2 shows a localized corrosion region with intergranular morphology, as well a crack from the corroded region.
1237
VIEW
ML00086 / Nov.2017
Intergranular Corrosion of Sensitized 304SS
M - Austenitic Stainless SteelP - Seamless tubeAp - Heat ExchangerCd - Intergranular Corrosion
Cm - Surface Aspect by SEMDf - Intergranular Corrosion

More from these cases

ML00112 — 1" XXS Pipe Not Qualified For Low TempM - Low Carbon SteelP - Seamless PipeAp - RefineryCd - Not according to spec
Micrography of a transverse section of the pipe, close to the external surface (OD). The pipe presented a predominatly ferritic structure.
43
VIEW
ML00112 / Dec.2017
1" XXS Pipe Not Qualified For Low Temp
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Seamless PipeAp - RefineryCd - Not according to spec
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Close to the External Surface
Micrography of a transverse section of the pipe, close to the external surface (OD). The pipe presented a 0.2 mm decarburized layer, fully ferritic.
35
VIEW
ML00112 / Dec.2017
1" XXS Pipe Not Qualified For Low Temp
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Seamless PipeAp - RefineryCd - Not according to spec
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Close to the External Surface
Micrography of a transverse section of the pipe, close to the external surface (OD). The pipe presented a predominatly ferritic structure.
31
VIEW
ML00112 / Dec.2017
1" XXS Pipe Not Qualified For Low Temp
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Seamless PipeAp - RefineryCd - Not according to spec
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Predominantly Ferritic
Micrography of a transverse section of the pipe, close to the internal surface (ID). The pipe presented a predominatly ferritic structure.
29
VIEW
ML00112 / Dec.2017
1" XXS Pipe Not Qualified For Low Temp
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Seamless PipeAp - RefineryCd - Not according to spec
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Close to the Internal Surface
Micrography of a transverse section of the pipe, close to the internal surface (ID). The pipe presented a predominatly ferritic structure.
22
VIEW
ML00112 / Dec.2017
1" XXS Pipe Not Qualified For Low Temp
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Seamless PipeAp - RefineryCd - Not according to spec
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Close to the Internal Surface

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ML00111 — 3/4" XXS Pipe Not Qualified for Low TempM - Low Carbon SteelP - Seamless PipeAp - RefineryCd - Not according to spec
Micrography of a transverse section of the pipe, close to the internal surface (ID). Refined structure. Ferrite and pearlite.
64
VIEW
ML00111 / Dec.2017
3/4" XXS Pipe Not Qualified for Low Temp
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Seamless PipeAp - RefineryCd - Not according to spec
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Close to the Internal Surface
Micrography of a transverse section of the pipe, close to the internal surface (ID). Refined structure, but not uniform. Ferrite and pearlite. The pearlite colonies appear in a network.
45
VIEW
ML00111 / Dec.2017
3/4" XXS Pipe Not Qualified for Low Temp
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Seamless PipeAp - RefineryCd - Not according to spec
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Close to the Internal Surface
Micrography of a transverse section of the pipe, close to the internal surface (ID). Refined structure. Ferrite and pearlite. The structure is not uniform. There is a large variation in the ferritic grain size and the pearlite colonies appear forming a network.
39
VIEW
ML00111 / Dec.2017
3/4" XXS Pipe Not Qualified for Low Temp
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Seamless PipeAp - RefineryCd - Not according to spec
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Ferrite and Pearlite
Micrography of a transverse section of the pipe, close to the external surface (OD). Refined structure. Ferrite and pearlite.
33
VIEW
ML00111 / Dec.2017
3/4" XXS Pipe Not Qualified for Low Temp
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Seamless PipeAp - RefineryCd - Not according to spec
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Close to the External Surface
Micrography of a transverse section of the pipe, close to the external surface (OD). Refined structure. Ferrite and pearlite.
35
VIEW
ML00111 / Dec.2017
3/4" XXS Pipe Not Qualified for Low Temp
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Seamless PipeAp - RefineryCd - Not according to spec
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Close to the External Surface

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ML00035 — Carbon Steel L ShapeM - Low Carbon SteelP - Rolled ShapeAp - StructureCd - Removed From Service
Micrography of the transverse section of the rolled shape presenting an aligned structure, ferritic-pearlitic. Transverse section.
97
VIEW
ML00035 / Dec.2017
Carbon Steel L Shape
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Rolled ShapeAp - StructureCd - Removed From Service
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - In the Center of the Thickness
Micrography of the transverse section of the rolled shape presenting a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure. Transverse section, close to the surface.
80
VIEW
ML00035 / Dec.2017
Carbon Steel L Shape
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Rolled ShapeAp - StructureCd - Removed From Service
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - At the Surface
Micrography of the transverse section of the rolled shape presenting an aligned structure, ferritic-pearlitic.
62
VIEW
ML00035 / Dec.2017
Carbon Steel L Shape
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Rolled ShapeAp - StructureCd - Removed From Service
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Transverse Section
Micrography of the transverse section of the rolled shape presenting an aligned structure, ferritic-pearlitic, and long sulfide inclusions. Center of the leg of 12 mm thickness.
58
VIEW
ML00035 / Dec.2017
Carbon Steel L Shape
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Rolled ShapeAp - StructureCd - Removed From Service
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Non Metallic Inclusions
ML00109 — Thermal Spray and Fuse Layer in Forged PinM - Low Alloy Medium Carbon QTP - Tubular ForgingAp - O&G Well DrillingCd - Thermal spray
Micrography, as polished, of the transverse section of the forged pin with the layer applied by a (thermal) spray and fuse process. The layer was melted after thermal spray application and the layer presents a continuous matrix, but there are globular oxides and pores entrapped.
29
VIEW
ML00109 / Jan.2018
Thermal Spray and Fuse Layer in Forged Pin
M - Low Alloy Medium Carbon QTP - Tubular ForgingAp - O&G Well DrillingCd - Thermal spray
Cm - As polished micrographyDf - Surface Layer
Micrographic detail, as polished, of the transverse section of the forged pin at the interface between the pin and the spray and fuse layer. The pin was heat treated after the thermal spray, and fuse treatment. The interface presents a higher concentration of globular oxides and pores, entrapped.
23
VIEW
ML00109 / Jan.2018
Thermal Spray and Fuse Layer in Forged Pin
M - Low Alloy Medium Carbon QTP - Tubular ForgingAp - O&G Well DrillingCd - Thermal spray
Cm - As polished micrographyDf - Surface Layer
Low magnification micrography of the interface between the pin and the spray and fuse layer. Close to the surface, under the layer, the pin presents a quenched and tempered structure, compatible with a high strenght requirement. Transverse section.
20
VIEW
ML00109 / Jan.2018
Thermal Spray and Fuse Layer in Forged Pin
M - Low Alloy Medium Carbon QTP - Tubular ForgingAp - O&G Well DrillingCd - Thermal spray
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Surface Layer
Micrography of the pin close to the interface with the spray and fuse layer. Transverse section. The fuse is conducted in high temperature and the pin was quenched and tempered after the thermal spray deposition and fuse by flame (in this case the melting of the applied layer was conducted by a oxifuel flame.
21
VIEW
ML00109 / Jan.2018
Thermal Spray and Fuse Layer in Forged Pin
M - Low Alloy Medium Carbon QTP - Tubular ForgingAp - O&G Well DrillingCd - Thermal spray
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Martensite
Micrographic detail of the tempered martensite structure close to the interface with the spray and fuse layer. Transverse section. The fuse is conducted in high temperature and the pin was heat treated after the thermal spray deposition and fuse.
16
VIEW
ML00109 / Jan.2018
Thermal Spray and Fuse Layer in Forged Pin
M - Low Alloy Medium Carbon QTP - Tubular ForgingAp - O&G Well DrillingCd - Thermal spray
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Martensite

+3 more from this case →

ML00107 — Carburized 9Cr1MoV Superheater TubeM - Heat Resistant SteelP - Seamless tubeAp - BoilerCd - Carburization
Micrography of the longitudinal section of the tube, close to the internal surface. A thick scale is evident, but no microstructural changes compared to the center of the tube.
183
VIEW
ML00107 / Dec.2017
Carburized 9Cr1MoV Superheater Tube
M - Heat Resistant SteelP - Seamless tubeAp - BoilerCd - Carburization
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Bainite
Aspect of the superheater ND 1" tube that was in operation for about 35,000 hours and presented a thick deposit at the external surface.
211
VIEW
ML00107 / Dec.2017
Carburized 9Cr1MoV Superheater Tube
M - Heat Resistant SteelP - Seamless tubeAp - BoilerCd - Carburization
Cm - Aspect Before AnalysisDf - General View
Micrography of a longitudinal section of the tube in the center of the thickness, showing a ferritic-bainitic structure of this CrMoV steel.
156
VIEW
ML00107 / Dec.2017
Carburized 9Cr1MoV Superheater Tube
M - Heat Resistant SteelP - Seamless tubeAp - BoilerCd - Carburization
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Bainite
Micrography of a longitudinal section of the tube in the center of the thickness, showing a ferritic-bainitic structure of this CrMoV steel.
137
VIEW
ML00107 / Dec.2017
Carburized 9Cr1MoV Superheater Tube
M - Heat Resistant SteelP - Seamless tubeAp - BoilerCd - Carburization
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Bainite
Micrography of a longitudinal section of the tube in the center of the thickness, showing a ferritic-bainitic structure of this CrMoV steel.
142
VIEW
ML00107 / Dec.2017
Carburized 9Cr1MoV Superheater Tube
M - Heat Resistant SteelP - Seamless tubeAp - BoilerCd - Carburization
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Bainite

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ML00104 — Thermal Fatigue of a Boiler TubeM - Low Carbon SteelP - Autogenously Welded TubeAp - BoilerCd - Thermal Fatigue
The micrography of the longitudinal section of the tube, close to ID, shows the paralel cracks, filled with oxides, perpendicular to the surface.
229
VIEW
ML00104 / Dec.2017
Thermal Fatigue of a Boiler Tube
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Autogenously Welded TubeAp - BoilerCd - Thermal Fatigue
Cm - As polished micrographyDf - Close to the Internal Surface
The water wall tube, external diameter 60.3mm and thickness 3.9 mm, shows circunferential cracks in the middle of the section. Several other tubes have failed after 10 years in service.
716
VIEW
ML00104 / Dec.2017
Thermal Fatigue of a Boiler Tube
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Autogenously Welded TubeAp - BoilerCd - Thermal Fatigue
Cm - Aspect Before AnalysisDf - General View
Aspect of the internal surface of the tube after longitudinal cut. This position is out of the damage area and only a small amount of deposits is evident.
216
VIEW
ML00104 / Dec.2017
Thermal Fatigue of a Boiler Tube
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Autogenously Welded TubeAp - BoilerCd - Thermal Fatigue
Cm - Surface AspectDf - Internal Surface
Aspect of the internal surface of the tube after longitudinal cut. This position is at the damage area where a thick deposit is evident.
186
VIEW
ML00104 / Dec.2017
Thermal Fatigue of a Boiler Tube
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Autogenously Welded TubeAp - BoilerCd - Thermal Fatigue
Cm - Surface AspectDf - Internal Surface
Aspect of the external surface of the tube, presenting a large circunferential crack.
171
VIEW
ML00104 / Dec.2017
Thermal Fatigue of a Boiler Tube
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Autogenously Welded TubeAp - BoilerCd - Thermal Fatigue
Cm - Surface AspectDf - External Surface

+16 more from this case →

ML00103 — Brittle Fracture of a Free-Cutting ConnectorM - Low Carbon SteelP - Machined PartAp - ShipCd - Brittle Fracture
Aspect of the external side of the connector, with a longitudinally crack of a brittle aspect. It is a 5/8" connector (15.8 mm).
134
VIEW
ML00103 / Nov.2017
Brittle Fracture of a Free-Cutting Connector
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Machined PartAp - ShipCd - Brittle Fracture
Cm - Aspect Before AnalysisDf - General View
Aspect of the internal side of the connector. The fracture, in the longitudinal direction, presents a brittle aspect. The thickness of the connector is about 2 mm.
126
VIEW
ML00103 / Nov.2017
Brittle Fracture of a Free-Cutting Connector
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Machined PartAp - ShipCd - Brittle Fracture
Cm - Aspect Before AnalysisDf - Brittle Fracture
Macroscopic detail of the brittle fracture, in the longitudinal direction.
105
VIEW
ML00103 / Nov.2017
Brittle Fracture of a Free-Cutting Connector
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Machined PartAp - ShipCd - Brittle Fracture
Cm - Aspect Before AnalysisDf - Brittle Fracture
Micrography of the longitudinal section of the fitiing, in a free-cutting steel. The microstructure is predominantly ferritic and there is a large amount of sulfide inclusions, aligned perpendicular to the forming direction.
98
VIEW
ML00103 / Nov.2017
Brittle Fracture of a Free-Cutting Connector
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Machined PartAp - ShipCd - Brittle Fracture
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Longitudinal Section
Micrographic detail of the longitudinal section of the fitiing, in a free-cutting steel. The microstructure is predominantly ferritic, with small perlitic areas and some free cementite at ferritic grain boundaries. There is a large amount of sulfide inclusions, aligned perpendicular to the forming direction.
107
VIEW
ML00103 / Nov.2017
Brittle Fracture of a Free-Cutting Connector
M - Low Carbon SteelP - Machined PartAp - ShipCd - Brittle Fracture
Cm - Nital Etched Micrography by OMDf - Non Metallic Inclusions

+11 more from this case →

ML00086 — Intergranular Corrosion of Sensitized 304SSM - Austenitic Stainless SteelP - Seamless tubeAp - Heat ExchangerCd - Intergranular Corrosion
Micrography of the 1.65 mm thickness tube, in the middle of the thickness of the longitudinal section. This part of the tube is located in the colder part of the equipment, position 1. The material presented carbide precipitation at grain boundaries (not yet fully surrounding the grains) and at this point the tube presented no internal corrosion.
338
VIEW
ML00086 / Nov.2017
Intergranular Corrosion of Sensitized 304SS
M - Austenitic Stainless SteelP - Seamless tubeAp - Heat ExchangerCd - Intergranular Corrosion
Cm - Micrography by OM using A262 Method ADf - Austenite
Micrography of the 1.65 mm thickness tube, in the middle of the thickness of the longitudinal section. This part of the tube is located in position 2, where the temperature was higher and the carbide precipitation increased during service.
272
VIEW
ML00086 / Nov.2017
Intergranular Corrosion of Sensitized 304SS
M - Austenitic Stainless SteelP - Seamless tubeAp - Heat ExchangerCd - Intergranular Corrosion
Cm - Micrography by OM using A262 Method ADf - Intergranular Precipitation
Micrography of the 1.65 mm thickness tube, in the middle of the thickness of the longitudinal section. This part of the tube is located in position 3, where intergranular and transgranular carbide precipitation occurred during service.
234
VIEW
ML00086 / Nov.2017
Intergranular Corrosion of Sensitized 304SS
M - Austenitic Stainless SteelP - Seamless tubeAp - Heat ExchangerCd - Intergranular Corrosion
Cm - Micrography by OM using A262 Method ADf - Intragranular Secondary Precipitation
The low magnification image of the internal surface of the tube, in position 2, shows several points of localized corrosion, with intergranular morphology.
193
VIEW
ML00086 / Nov.2017
Intergranular Corrosion of Sensitized 304SS
M - Austenitic Stainless SteelP - Seamless tubeAp - Heat ExchangerCd - Intergranular Corrosion
Cm - Surface Aspect by SEMDf - Intergranular Corrosion
Micrography of a longitudinal section of the tube in position 2, presenting thinning by intergranular corrosion at the internal surface.
193
VIEW
ML00086 / Nov.2017
Intergranular Corrosion of Sensitized 304SS
M - Austenitic Stainless SteelP - Seamless tubeAp - Heat ExchangerCd - Intergranular Corrosion
Cm - Micrography by OM using A262 Method ADf - Intergranular Corrosion

+3 more from this case →